Jean Cocteauonly made a handful of films throughout his career, as filmmaking was just one of the many art forms he excelled at. A poet, a playwright, a novelist, and a painter, Cocteau often used cinema as a means toexplore the artist’s relationship to their work, especially in what became known as his Orphic Trilogy. This reached its apex in his final film,The Testament of Orpheus, a meta-textual fantasy in which Cocteau himself travels throughout time to reckon with his life’s work.Released in 1960, just three years before his death at age 74, the film functions as a final coda of sorts for one of the most consequential avant-garde artists of the twentieth century.
‘Testament of Orpheus’ Uses Classic Myths to Explore Life and Art
The Testament of Orpheusis less a film and more of a cinematic essay, with Cocteau playing himself asan 18th-century poettraveling through time and space. Throughout his journey,he encounters many figures from his pastwho have had a significant effect on him, both professionally and personally:Jean Marais, Cocteau’s longtime lover and muse;María Casares, star of the director’sOrpheus, who interrogates him about his life’s work; andÉdouard Dermithe, who played Cégeste inOrpheusand acts as a guide on Cocteau’s journey. There are also appearances by various other artists, including actorYul Brynner, painterPablo Picasso, singer-songwriterCharles Aznavour, andThe 400 BlowsstarJean-Pierre Léaud. As Cocteau travels through sound stages, art studios, and ancient ruins, he opines upon the relationship between an artist and the work they create, and the effect it has on society at large.
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“I had this idea that you drink coffee, you smoke cigarettes, and you paint, and that’s it."
It was the third and final entry in Cocteau’s Orphic Trilogy, which included 1930’sThe Blood of a Poetand 1952’sOrpheus. Each is loosely inspired bythe Greek myth of Orpheus, a musician who travels to the Underworld to retrieve his dead wife, Eurydice, only to lose her forever when he failed to obey the Gods' command to not look back at her.Rather than strictly retelling the myth, Cocteau uses it as a launching pad to explore the central theme of his work: the ways in which an artist’s creation simultaneously exists in both reality and fantasy. Cocteau uses reflective filmmaking techniques – direct address, special effects, visual trickery – to call attention to the artifice of the film, reminding the audience that they are watching a movie. At the same time, he uses these techniques to make the fantastical seem real, as he did in his 1946 adaptation ofBeauty and the Beast.
‘Testament of Orpheus’ Is a Testament to Creation
The central concern of The Orphic Trilogy isan artist’s relationship to their work, which takes on a life of its own once it’s been birthed. His first film, the surrealistic experimentationThe Blood of a Poet, presents this literally, as a statue (Elizabeth Lee Miller) convinces a poet (Enrique Riveros) to jump through a mirror into another world.Orpheusis the most straightforward adaptation, followinga contemporary Parisian poet(Marais) who follows a princess (Casares) into the Underworld in search of his wife (Marie Déa).The Testament of Orpheusis the most reflective of the three, beginning with scenes fromOrpheusthat Cocteau himself observes. The characters come to life to interact with their creator, questioning him about his motives, forcing him to examine what led him to create in the first place. It’s the natural conclusion of a filmmaking career that began witha journey through art and myth.
As with all of his films, Cocteauconjures magic through cinematic technique. He often shoots action in reverse, then plays the film backwards to create fantastical images: a burned headshot of Dermithe is reassembled, then torn apart and thrown into the sea to summon the actor from the water; Cocteau rips a flower to pieces, only to put it back together again. At other moments, Cocteaupasses by a double of himself. At others, he literally disappears from the screen. These effects may not havethe sophistication of modern CGI, yet they have the power to dazzle us through their sheer artifice. They draw attention to the relationship between fantasy and reality that exists within all art, which, of course, bears the fingerprints of their maker.
The Testament of Orpheusis available to stream on Max in the U.S.
Testament of Orpheus
